Aztec God Quetzalcoatl According to one myth, Quetzalcoatl was born to a virgin called Chimalman to whom god Onteol appeared in a dream. Historian Matthew Restall concludes that: The legend of the returning lords, originated during the Spanish-Mexica war in Corts' reworking of Moctezuma's welcome speech, had by the 1550s merged with the Corts-as-Quetzalcoatl legend that the Franciscans had started spreading in the 1530s. Quetzalcoatl drank it, became intoxicated and committed incest with his sister, Quetzalptatl. 3. Well, not all of them, but some do. At the end of the fourth cycle, when mankind had perished again according to the mythology, Quetzalcoatl created a new people with his blood. These were part of the Nahua culture, which included both these states and other independent ethnic groups in central Mexico. Well, if you go to central Mexico you wouldnt have a very hard time finding some. Minster, Christopher. The worship of Miclantecuhtli was ongoing with the arrival of Europeans in the Americas. His job was to protect the sun from the dangers of the underworld. In the episode "Damnesia You," Xavier winds up in the Aztec world and is immediately (and unsuccessfully) sacrificed for insulting the Sun God, and during the sacrifice the Aztecs humorously fail to pronounce his name. I have been in love with all things related to Mythology. [38] Some Franciscans at this time held millennarian beliefs[39] and some of them believed that Corts' coming to the New World ushered in the final era of evangelization before the coming of the millennium. Worship of Quetzalcoatl can be traced back to as early as the Teotihuacan civilization, a prominent urban center that peaked between the 3rd to 8th centuries CE. In his aspect as Tlahuizcalpantecuhtli, he was the fearsome god of Venus and the morning star. This didnt help a lot to overcome their cruel intentions, however. His appearance can change drastically, however, depending on the region, era, and context. The earliest Aztec and classic Maya serpent iconography can be found in a six-tiered pyramid specifically dedicated to Quetzalcoatl. In Xochicalco, depictions of the feathered serpent accompany the image of a seated, armed ruler and the hieroglyph for the day sign 9 Wind. This is evident in the iconography recovered from these sites. So Quetzalcoatl is named after the thing he looks like, a feathered serpent deity. Or, more appropriately, Abya Yala.Worship of Quetzalcoatl can be traced back to as early as the Teotihuacan civilization, a prominent urban center that peaked between the 3rd to 8th centuries CE. On the basis of the different symbolic systems used in portrayals of the feathered-serpent deity in different cultures and periods, scholars have interpreted the religious and symbolic meaning of the feathered-serpent deity in Mesoamerican cultures. Over the West presides the White Tezcatlipoca, Quetzalcoatl, the god of light, justice, mercy and wind. [24], According to another version of the myth, Quetzalcoatl is one of the four sons of Ometecuhtli and Omecihuatl, the four Tezcatlipocas, each of whom presided over one of the four cardinal directions. The worship of Quetzalcoatl sometimes included animal sacrifices, and in other traditions Quetzalcoatl was said to oppose human sacrifice.Mesoamerican priests and kings would sometimes take the name of a deity they were associated with, so Quetzalcoatl and Kukulcan are also the names of historical persons. [5] It was one of several important gods in the Aztec pantheon, along with the gods Tlaloc, Tezcatlipoca and Huitzilopochtli. 1. Manage Settings This, too, meant the end of the god Quetzalcoatl. Don't fly too close to the sun or sit under her rays unprotected for too long. He was quite a bit bigger than he was before. Have you ever eaten blue, white, black, or red corn? His body is usually black, a color that represents the north in Aztec art. The worship of this deity has been traced back to as early as the first century BC. [7] Animals thought to represent Quetzalcoatl include resplendent quetzals, rattlesnakes (coatl meaning "serpent" in Nahuatl), crows, and macaws. The language is spoken today in the highlands of central Guatemala. However, each and every god had failed terribly in doing so. According to the Book of Mormon, the resurrected Jesus Christ descended from heaven and visited the people of the American continent, shortly after his resurrection. They maintained a major pilgrimage and commercial center at Cholula, Puebla which the Spaniards compared to both Rome and Mecca because the cult of the god united its constituents through a field of common social, political, and religious values without dominating them militarily. Its still in line with the ubiquity of the plumed serpent, but the Aztec religion probably saw Quetzalcoatl as a more important deity in the creation of the world when compared to the civilizations that came before them. In his form as Ehecatl he is the wind, and is represented by spider monkeys, ducks, and the wind itself. One of the jewels he is depicted with is the wind jewel, affirming his status as a wind god. Quetzalcoatl was so closely linked to fertility and creation that many groups held him to be the creator of mankind. Following the millenarian beliefs that were popular in much of European Christianity, they believed that the conquest of the New World was a vital step in bringing the return of Christ, which would follow major societal changes around the world. Evidence of such worship comes from the iconography of different Mesoamerican cultures, in which serpent motifs occur frequently. The temple can be found at Teotihuacan and was erected in the third century. How old is the United States of America? Indeed, the same as the one from the Great Pyramid. ", "Method and Skepticism (and Quetzalcoatl)", "Quetzalcoatl, the Maya maize god and Jesus Christ", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Quetzalcoatl&oldid=1141156375, Supernatural beings identified with Christian saints, Articles containing Classical Nahuatl-language text, Short description is different from Wikidata, Articles having different image on Wikidata and Wikipedia, Wikipedia articles needing factual verification from August 2019, Articles with unsourced statements from August 2019, Wikipedia articles needing factual verification from June 2021, All articles that may contain original research, Articles that may contain original research from June 2021, Articles with unsourced statements from January 2012, Articles with incomplete citations from April 2020, Articles with Spanish-language sources (es), Articles with sources in Nahuatl languages (nah), Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, White Tecatlipoca, Ce Acatl Topiltzin Quetzalcoatl, Feathered Serpent, Precious Twin, Tlahuizcalpantecuhtli, Tlaloc, god of rain, lightning and thunder, the feathered serpent, god of vegetational renewal, This page was last edited on 23 February 2023, at 17:09. In the era following the 16th-century Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire, a number of records conflated Quetzalcoatl with Ce Acatl Topiltzin, a ruler of the mythico-historic city of Tollan. Some said that before this he had helped to create the world itself. Quetzalcoatl occupied a unique position in the Aztec pantheon and was considered one of the most important gods. As Quetzalcoatl Tlahuizcalpantecuhtli he had a more intimidating appearance including a black mask or face paint, elaborate headdress and a weapon, such as an ax or lethal darts representing the rays of the morning star. For example, the Aztecs revered him as the god of the priesthood, knowledge, and trade. Although early images had shown a serpent, by the classical period of Aztec culture Quetzalcoatl was more often shown with a human body. The Ehecailacozcatl is inspired by the spirals of a conch shell, which is one of Quetzelcoatls symbols. ThoughtCo. A wide range of maize crops are still eaten to this date, both by the Mexicans that have adopted many of the European habits, and the remaining Indigenous peoples of central Mexico. The worship of Quetzalcoatl became widespread with the rise of the Toltec civilization around 900 A.D. and spread throughout the region, even down to the Yucatan peninsula where it caught on with the Maya. The legend of Quetzalcoatl is spoofed in the Adult Swim CGI series Xavier: Renegade Angel. [47], In 1971 Tony Shearer published a book called Lord of the Dawn: Quetzalcoatl and the Tree of Life, inspiring New Age followers to visit Chichen Itza at the summer solstice when dragon-shaped shadows are cast by the Kulkulcan pyramid.[48]. You can find out more about our use, change your default settings, and withdraw your consent at any time with effect for the future by visiting Cookies Settings, which can also be found in the footer of the site. In a version of the myth, Quetzalcoatl was born by a virgin named Chimalman, to whom the god Ometeotl appeared in a dream. Each of these four sons presides over one of the four cardinal directions. The worship of Quetzalcoatl became widespread with the rise of the Toltec civilization around 900 A.D. and spread throughout the region, even down to the Yucatan peninsula where it caught on with the Maya. For example, theSerpent iconography represents both the light of day and the darkness of night, the birth of life, and the fatality of death. Throughout Mesoamerican culture, they practiced human sacrifice and ritual cannibalism to placate this god. [10], The earliest known documentation of the worship of a Feathered Serpent occurs in Teotihuacan in the first century BC or first century AD. Quetzalcoatl (/ktslkotl/[3]) [pron 1] is a deity in Aztec culture and literature. The importance of Quetzalcoatl in the Aztec civilization is, too, emphasized by his relationship with the priests of the empire. He figures most prominently in the Aztec mythology but it was in the city of Cholula that the cult of Quetzalcoatl enjoyed influence and prominence during the Classic Period of Mesoamerica. And, it wasnt so bad after all. The attributes of Quetzalcoatl varied in different cultures of Mesoamerica during different eras. Quetzalcoatl's opposite was Tezcatlipoca, who supposedly sent Quetzalcoatl into exile. Most Mesoamerican beliefs included cycles of suns. Members of this confederacy from Tlaxcala, Puebla, and Oaxaca provided the Spaniards with the army that first reclaimed the city of Cholula from its pro-Aztec ruling faction, and ultimately defeated the Aztec capital of Tenochtitlan (Mexico City). In the underworld, Quetzalcoatl went all the way to Mictln; the lowest region of the Aztec underworld. Quetzalcoatl, or "Feathered Serpent," was an important god to the ancient people of Mesoamerica. [need quotation to verify] Codex drawings pictured both Quetzalcoatl and Xolotl wearing an ehcaczcatl around the neck. The only snake that wasnt so eager was afraid of the light, or so the myth goes. He was worshiped among all the major cultures of the Mesoamerican region through history. [8] In his form as the morning star, Venus, he is also depicted as a harpy eagle. An example of data being processed may be a unique identifier stored in a cookie. In the extant Mayan sources, it has been revealed that Quetzalcoatl, or the Feathered Serpent, was associated with warfare as well as fertility. Well, look no further, because Quetzalcoatl is your guy. The worship of Quetzalcoatl sometimes included animal sacrifices, and in other traditions Quetzalcoatl was said to oppose human sacrifice. Quetzalcoatl went to Mictlan, the underworld, and created fifth-world mankind from the bones of the previous races (with the help of Cihuacoatl), using his own blood, from a wound he inflicted on his earlobes, calves, tongue, and penis, to imbue the bones with new life. On the other hand, the snake was considered a vital instrument to help bring visions from the underworld to the Mayan kings. This made it an important sign of fertility because it brought with it the rains that renewed the earth. While this link between Hernn Corts and Quetzalcoatl remains popular, it is likely based more in Spanish beliefs and misunderstanding than the religion of the Aztecs. By Quetzalcoatl was a god for many ancient . During the epi-classic period, a dramatic spread of feathered serpent iconography is evidenced throughout Mesoamerica, and during this period images begin to figure prominently at sites such as Chichn Itz, El Tajn, and throughout the Maya area. The relation of Quetzalcoatl with just the latest sun is a result of the mingling of his earliest myths and some new perceptions. By adding a bit of his own blood, he allowed a new civilization to emerge. Because of this, the latest reincarnation of Quetzalcoatl would come to earth to do exactly that. Quetzelcoatl also appeared on (Season 3) of the Animal Planet mockumentary Lost Tapes in an episode entitled "Q the Serpent God". Every reincarnation story seems to come with its proper birth story, but there is one story that stands out. Among the Aztecs, the name Quetzalcoatl was also a priestly title, as the two most important priests of the Aztec Templo Mayor were called "Quetzalcoatl Tlamacazqui". However, independent historical sources do not substantiate this claim and later historians have disputed it as well. For this reason, it is also believed that offers to Quetzalcoatl were one of only a few that should not include human sacrifice. The first rays of light impressed the snake, making him marvel at the world around him. However, at the end of the second cycle, mankind became like monkeys and so Quetzalcoatl blew up the whole of mankind. He was known as the inventor of books and the calendar, the giver of maize (corn) to mankind, and sometimes as a symbol of death and resurrection. . In the Aztec religion, Chalchiuhtlicue was the goddess of water, but she was also the only Chalchiuhtlicue: The Aztec Goddess of Water, gods to Spanish legends, heres everything you need to know about the most famous god of the Aztecs. In Tenochtitlan, Quezelcoatls name was used as a priestly title. In fact, he wanted to tempt him to come out into the light. Tlahuizcalpantecuhtli The god of the Morning Star is sometimes considered to be separate from Quetzalcoatl, but is elsewhere given as one of the wind gods titles. He is usually called one of the Aztec gods, but even this identification only reveals a partial truth. Thats quite a big deal, because for the people in ancient Mexico, maize, or corn, is not just a crop. Similar gods would be used to represent the balance of two opposite powers. Quetzalcoatls twin, Xolotl, was a god associated with death. In the codices, he was generally more human-like. Quetzalcoatl was a jack of many trades, a truth also reflected in the stories surrounding his birth. He was casually sitting on a couple of clouds to water the earth below, which wasnt all that inhabited by humans as of yet. In the iconography of the classic period, Maya serpent imagery is also prevalent: a snake often appears as the embodiment of the sky itself, and a vision serpent is a shamanic helper presenting Maya kings with visions of the underworld. Mason-Dixon Line The trip was far from easy, but Quetzalcoatl was able to complete it. Plumed serpents continued to be depicted in Central American cultures. Standing over ten feet tall, the statue towers over onlookers as she leans toward them. Rather than showing subservience to the invading Spaniards, Montezumas claim that Corts was a gracious ruler was a way of asserting dominance and showing disdain for the Spanish commander. We and our partners use cookies to Store and/or access information on a device. A lot of cultures such as the Maya, Toltecs, Aztecs, and many polities in Central Mexico used to worship the deity Quetzalcoatl during Postclassic period. In the post-classic Nahua civilization of central Mexico (Aztec), the worship of Quetzalcoatl was ubiquitous. Aztec ceremonies often lasted several days . Some Mormons believe that Quetzalcoatl, who was associated with the east, (which in turn was represented by the color white to the Aztecs), was white-skinned. By the 3rd century AD this was recognizable as a god, who had a pyramid dedicated to his honor in the city of Teotihuacn. iPhone History: A Timeline of Every Model in Order For example, a depiction in Acapulco, Mexico, shows the Aztec snake god in all its glory. Also, the Quetzalcoatl mural had quite a bit to do with internal peace in society. Quetzalcoatlhe was the wind, the guide and road sweeper of the rain gods, of the masters of the water, of those who brought rain. In fact, it is a deep cultural symbol that is intrinsic to daily life. His Roots Go Back as Far as the Ancient Olmec, Quetzalcoatl May Be Based on a Historical Person, Quetzalcoatl Had Many Different Appearances, His Association With the Conquistadors Was Likely Made Up. (Restall 2001 p. 114)[full citation needed]. The name Quetzalcoatl comes from this language and is most widely-used both because it was recorded by Spanish conquerors and because Nahuatl is still spoken by roughly 1.5 million people. As a double of Quetzalcoatl, he carries his conch-like ehecailacacozcatl or wind jewel.Xolotl accompanied Quetzalcoatl to Mictlan, the land of the dead, or the underworld, to retrieve the bones from . So it should be clear that Quetzalcoatl was, indeed, a great mythical figure. In fact, he flew straight into it, leading to a total eclipse. [41] However, in 1892 one president of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, John Taylor, wrote:[42]. In Aztec culture, this was considered to be one of the most important primal forces. Venus, which the god was closely associated with, appeared in the sky at the beginning of the rainy season. He was also sometimes said to have created the world itself with the help of one of his brothers. In the 16th century, Spaniards conquered the Aztec Empire. All but one. Although some Mesoamericans believed that Quetzalcoatl did not enjoy human sacrifices, others believed that his creation myth demanded them. [9] In Mazatec legends the astrologer deity Tlahuizcalpanteuctli, who is also represented by Venus, bears a close relationship with Quetzalcoatl. Of course, the odd one out sparked the interest of Tlaloc. The four suns before Quetzalcoatl had been destroyed by disastrous events, like floods, fires, and volcanic eruptions. He was so important that the worlds largest pyramid was just one of many places dedicated to his cult. There are three different ways you can cite this article. To link to this article in the text of an online publication, please use this URL: https://historycooperative.org/quetzalcoatl/. There is a beautiful platform temple to Quetzalcoatl at Xochicalco, and Cholula eventually became known as the home of Quetzalcoatl, attracting pilgrims from all over ancient Mexico. However, later sources uncover that already a year before him a similar figure dwelled in the lands of the Aztec territory. There, they greatly influenced late Mayan culture. Quetzalcoatl was associated with the wind-god Ehecatl and is often depicted with his insignia: a beak-like mask. [20] Historian Enrique Florescano - also analyzing Teotihuacan iconography - argues that the Feathered Serpent was part of a triad of agricultural deities: The feathered serpent was furthermore connected to the planet Venus because of this planet's importance as a sign of the beginning of the rainy season. This confederacy engaged in almost seventy-five years of nearly continuous conflict with the Aztec Empire of the Triple Alliance until the arrival of Corts. Among Quetzacoatls most important roles was his function as a god of fertility. You have graciously arrived, you have known pain, you have known weariness, now come on earth, take your rest, enter into your palace, rest your limbs; may our lords come on earth. This article is about a Mesoamerican deity. Known as the Ehecailacozcatl, its swirling design represents the wind. 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