application of microbial genetics in industriesapplication of microbial genetics in industries

Microorganisms are used in industry to produce a variety of organic compounds including acids, growth stimulants, and enzymes. 32, 213234. (2006). A., and Hameed, A. J. Microbiol. 10:e0004973. J. Adv. Oxford: Clarendon Press. Mmoire sur la fermentation alcoolique. These are just a few of the numerous applications of microbial genetics that we will explore in this chapter. Microbial products can be broadly categorized into: (1) metabolic production; (2) biotransformation; (3) production of biofuels; (4) treatment of organic and industrial wastes; (5) recovery of metals; (6) production of microbial biomass (microbial protein or single cell protein) for food and feed; (7) production of biocontrol agents; and (8) 7:411. doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.00411, Paitan, Y., Biran, D., Biran, I., Shechter, N., Babai, R., Rishpon, J., et al. This chapter discusses the commercial applications of various microbial enzymes and also highlights the sources and nature of industrial applications. The microorganisms are then grown on an industrial scale to synthesize products such as insulin, vaccines, and biodegradable polymers. Sustainable agriculture, however, provides not only the control of phytopathogens but also the use of functional microbial characteristics related to the promotion of plant growth. Microbial Genetics. Bioaccessibility of vitamin D from bread fortified with UV-treated yeast is lower than bread fortified with crystalline vitamin D2 and bovine milk. The most important -amylase produced are Bacillus amyloliquefaciens, B. lichiniformis, and Aspergillus oryzae. Two recent, important applications of genetic engineering to enzyme production are -amylase and chymosin. (2016). Spectr. (2010). 206, 6168. Quim. This emerging field of bioinformatics can be used, among many other applications, for clues to treating diseases and understanding the workings of cells. Microbiol. A problem commonly encountered in developing countries is the difficulty of implementing public policies to control the spread of parasitic vectors such as those of the genera Aedes and Anopheles. Rev. Trends Biotechnol. 9, 308324. (2014). Production of recombinant proteins by microbes and higher organisms. (2014). Plotkin, S. A., Orenstein, W. A., and Offit, P. A. (1988). Metabolic Engineering 3. Appl. Bioplastics are polyesters that accumulate intracellularly in microorganisms in the form of storage granules, with physicochemical properties similar to petrochemical plastics. 122, 403409. Biosensors integrate microorganisms with a physical transducer to generate a measurable signal proportional to the concentration of analytes, allowing rapid and accurate detection of analysis targets in diverse fields such as medicine, environmental monitoring, food processing, and others (DSouza, 2001; Paitan et al., 2003; Lei et al., 2006; Su et al., 2011). PLoS Negl. Halophilic microorganism resources and their applications in industrial and environmental biotechnology. It effectively acquires and analyzes biological data such as nucleic acid sequences and protein structures, so as to conduct comprehensive and accurate biological analysis. Genetic engineering has also been important in the production of other therapeutic proteins, such as insulin, interferons, and human growth hormone, to treat a variety of human medical conditions. Selection of -lyase-producing yeasts improves aromatic thiol release and, consequently, the sensory properties of wines (Belda et al., 2016), whereas the selection of yeasts specializing in certain processes such as flocculation may improve the fermentation of special wines such as sparkling wines (Tofalo et al., 2016). A number of enzyme preparations of microbial origin have been evaluated in food processing. The focus on microorganisms as an alternative in the production of biosensors is mainly due to the ability to produce them massively through cell culture (Su et al., 2011). Toxic metabolites are also produced by Myrothecium verrucaria when grown in bioreactors, and when in contact with adult nematodes, the metabolites in suspension kill the adults, in addition to inhibiting egg development and hatching (Twomey et al., 2000). 131, 295300. Overton, T. W. (2014). The immunity induced by recombinant vaccines is usually attributed to the ability of the recombinant virus to express the gene of interest at high levels within the host cells. 60:29630. doi: 10.3402/fnr.v60.29630, Moon, H. G., Jang, Y.-S., Cho, C., Lee, J., Binkley, R., and Lee, S. Y. Sci. Physiological and biochemical response of Aedes aegypti tolerance to Bacillus thuringiensis. Technol. 35, 6474. The most commonly used filamentous fungi are Fusarium, Aspergillus, and Penicillium, and among the prokaryotic algae, the most used belong to the genus Spirulina, with approximately 65% of their dry weight consisting of protein (Nalage et al., 2016). Alginate: properties and biomedical applications. Mycol. 63, 28022813. Sci. It is also used as leather, textile and paper. Fuelling the future: microbial engineering for the production of sustainable biofuels. These are just a few of the numerous applications of microbial genetics that we will explore in this chapter. Res. Is there an optimal formulation and delivery strategy for subunit vaccines? 100, 54785484. Food Chem. Microorganisms are majorly used for the production of industrial enzymes through the safe gene transfer methods. Biol. (A) Mechanisms of transmission of the bacterium Wolbachia to the offspring of the vector. 81, 419423. However, Technological Microbiology has obstacles to overcome, and these obstacles extend beyond the continuous search for unconventional microbial species with valuable metabolic properties. The potentiality of cross-linked fungal chitosan to control water contamination through bioactive filtration. Microbiol. Available at: http://www.who.int/immunization/sage/meetings/2014/april [accessed June 1, 2014]. Characterization of a biogas-producing microbial community by short-read next generation DNA sequencing. The OPH catalyzes the hydrolysis of organophosphorus pesticides releasing protons, whose concentration is proportional to the amount of substrate analyzed (Mulchandani et al., 1998; Kim H. J. et al., 2016). They include bacteria, fungi, protozoa, microalgae, and viruses. (2008). Potent antibody therapeutics by design. doi: 10.1016/j.snb.2009.02.017, Valamoti, S. M., Mangafa, M., Koukouli-Chrysanthaki, C. H., and Malamidou, D. (2007). Lyme disease is often difficult to diagnose. doi: 10.1016/j.bios.2009.08.019, Su, L., Jia, W., Hou, C., and Lei, Y. (2011). Appl. The class of biodegradable biopolymers of major interest is the polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs), and the best known among these are poly(beta-hydroxybutyrate; PHB), poly(beta-hydroxyvalerate; PHV), and poly(hydroxybutyrate-co-valerate; PHB-V), the latter being commercially known as Biopol. Microbiol. They can also enhance the aroma of beverages and the quality of margarine and mayonnaise (Sharma et al., 2001). Comp. 4, 191197. Science 219, 632637. Microbial genetics has applications in medicine, veterinary, agriculture, food and pharmaceutical industries. (2007). Far from abandoning it in the 21st century, we are developing new uses for biological organisms. doi: 10.1016/B978-0-12-384947-2.00628-0, Neushul, P. (1993). 71, 27892792. The study and comparison of entire genomes, including the complete set of genes and their nucleotide sequence and organization, is called genomics. A safe potential juice clarifying pectinase from Trichoderma viride EF-8 utilizing Egyptian onion skins. The Golden Age of Capitalism. Food Agric. More than 200 new antibiotics have been generated through the targeted inactivation of genes and the novel combination of antibiotic synthesis genes in antibiotic-producing Streptomyces hosts.3, Genetic engineering is also used to manufacture subunit vaccines, which are safer than other vaccines because they contain only a single antigenic molecule and lack any part of the genome of the pathogen (see Vaccines). The polygenic basis of the high acetic acid tolerance present in some strains of S. cerevisiae is still unknown, but its identification may lead to greater efficacy in improving acetic acid tolerance in strains without negatively affecting other industrially important yeast properties (Meijnen et al., 2016). doi: 10.1128/AEM.02320-15, Mulchandani, A., Mulchandani, P., Kaneva, I., and Chen, W. (1998). (2016). 80, 217225. Prog. (2016). In this country alone, methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) accounts for approximately 10,000 cases of hospital-acquired bloodstream infections, whereas Clostridium difficile, associated with diarrhea, is the most common infection in the United States, with more than 80,000 estimated annual cases (Magill et al., 2014). Chirality 20, 519. Adv. doi: 10.1016/j.bios.2015.12.101, Kim, K. R., Song, Y. H., Seo, J. H., and Kang, D. G. (2016). The importance of water potential range tolerance as a limiting factor on Trichoderma spp. doi: 10.1517/14712598.2012.636348, Fu, Y. Q., Yin, L. F., Zhu, H. Y., Jiang, R., Li, S., and Xu, Q. Recently, the incorporation of biotechnological techniques has allowed wide access to numerous monoclonal antibodies (mAbs). Legal. Bio-Mineralisation 8. doi: 10.1006/viro.2000.0271. (2016). doi: 10.1021/ac9805201, Nabel, G. J. doi: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0000516, Twomey, U., Warrior, P., Kerry, B. R., and Perry, R. N. (2000). Vaccine 15, 785787. Lett. 48, 371395. doi: 10.1016/S0168-1656(01)00423-0, Beck, A. 25, 14211434. Modifying insect population age structure to control vector-borne disease. doi: 10.1016/j.bjm.2016.10.007, Kampmann, M., Boll, S., Kossuch, J., Bielecki, J., Uhl, S., Kleiner, B., et al. However, since 1978, recombinant DNA technology has been used to produce large-scale quantities of human insulin using E. coli in a relatively inexpensive process that yields a more consistently effective pharmaceutical product. These include food production, probiotics, cosmetics . Samuel, D. (1996). doi: 10.1128/AEM.00683-06, Vzquez, E., and Villaverde, A. Generation of a live attenuated influenza vaccine that elicits broad protection in mice and ferrets. doi: 10.1128/AEM.71.5.2789-2792. 7, 101109. 6:e1000833. Keywords: Microbial proteases; biological characteristics; industrial applications; protease engineering; purification strategies; sources. 174, 20192030. In addition, microbial enzymes have been used to obtain natural scents and flavorings for foods (Carroll et al., 2016), although these compounds can often be directly obtained from the general metabolism of filamentous fungi, such as A. niger and Pycnoporus cinnabarinus, which can act together in a process that leads to the synthesis of vanillin, an important food flavoring, from autoclaved maize bran (Lesage-Meessen et al., 2002). doi: 10.1002/cncr.23764. Hum. doi: 10.1016/j.ibiod.2015.11.012, Andersen, T., Strand, B. L., Formo, K., Alsberg, E., and Christensen, B. E. (2012). Non-specific effects of standard measles vaccine at 4.5 and 9 months of age on childhood mortality: randomised controlled trial. Through these various global approaches, scientists continue to collect, compile, and analyze large amounts of genetic information. The microorganisms are then grown on an industrial scale to synthesize products such as insulin, vaccines, and biodegradable polymers. Optimization of fermentation media for xanthan gum production from Xanthomonas campestris using response surface methodology and artificial neural network techniques. Further manipulations of these species are expected to create strains capable of producing a wide variety of non-native commercial products. Int. Benef. The physician collected samples of Kaylas blood, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), and synovial fluid (from one of her swollen knees) and requested PCR analysis on all three samples. In some cases the production results from an apparent accident in nature where an organism manufactures many thousands of times the amount necessary for its own metabolism. In the future, biotechnological advances will likely reverse this situation and improve the performance of bioherbicides. doi: 10.1080/15287394.2016.1153447, Oliveira, R. S., Rocha, I., Ma, Y., Vostka, M., and Freitas, H. (2016b). Adv. Nat. However, the bioprospection and characterization of these microorganisms, associated with the most diverse plant species, is aimed not only at obtaining strains of agronomic importance but also at the identification of species that produce metabolites with potential for the synthesis of antibiotics (e.g., Ma et al., 2016), as well as potential for obtaining biotechnologically important chemicals. 8:17. doi: 10.1186/1475-2859-8-17, Feyisa, B., Lencho, A., Selvaraj, T., and Getaneh, G. (2016). Biosensor for direct determination of organophosphate nerve agents using recombinant Escherichia coli with surface-expressed organophosphorus hydrolase. 15, 795798. Microbiol. Sci. Cytotoxic and antibiotic cyclic pentapeptide from an endophytic Aspergillus tamarii of Ficus carica. Appl. The groups biodiversity, however, also means microorganisms offer the greatest potential for the exploration of molecules and processes, and the knowledge of unconventional species, especially within the Archaea group, has stimulated the research of genes of interest. B. The result of this phenomenon is the increase in the number of probiotic foods available on the market, including a rapidly emerging variety of non-dairy probiotic beverages (Enujiugha and Badejo, 2017). Table \(\PageIndex{1}\) lists examples of recombinant DNA products and their uses. There are many types of microbial enzymes used in the dairy industry, such as catalase, aminopeptidase, proteases, lactoperoxidase, lipases, transglutaminase, etc. In cytoplasmic incompatibility, fertilization of females not infected with Wolbachia by infected males results in embryonic mortality. Curr. (2002). doi: 10.1016/j.snb.2006.06.007, Takagi, H., and Shima, J. doi: 10.1007/978-3-319-27951-0-9, Cohen, S. N., Chang, A. C., Boyer, H. W., and Helling, R. B. Biomaterials 26, 419431. Stiffness xanthan hydrogels: synthesis, swelling characteristics and controlled release properties. Sci. J. Eng. Microbiol. Lipases, for example, are used in the treatment of wastewater containing mainly triglycerides (Jamie et al., 2016). The microorganisms are then grown on an industrial scale to synthesize products such as insulin, vaccines, and biodegradable polymers. Environ. N. Engl. San Diego, CA: Academic Press. Single cell proteins: as nutritional enhancer. 25, 690701. doi: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0004973, Sharma, R., Chisti, Y., and Banerjee, U. C. (2001). 19, 201223. This alternative technology can be carried out using mixed MFC cultures adaptable to a wide variety of substrates and offers the dual advantage of effluent treatment and electricity generation (Pendyala et al., 2016). Several microbial applications are widely known in solving major agricultural (i.e., crop productivity, plant health protection, and soil health maintenance) and environmental issues (i.e.,. Biotechnol. Technol. Subsequently, the genes of the other virus are introduced. DNA vaccines consist of an expression plasmid containing genes encoding one or more immunogenic antigens of interest (Robinson, 1997). A. Natl. (2016). 90, 5360. Sci. Demain, A. L., and Vaishnav, P. (2009). doi: 10.3109/09637486.2012.746288, Satpathy, P., Steinigeweg, S., Cypionka, H., and Engelen, B. Different biotechnological techniques used in the production of currently available vaccine types. Int. Phylogenetic structure of the prokaryotic domain: the primary kingdoms. doi: 10.1136/bmj.c6495, PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar, Abdel-Fattah, G. M., Shukry, W. M., Shokr, M. M. B., and Ahmed, M. A. Sustain. Carbohydrate vaccines: developing sweet solutions to sticky situations? FEMS Microbiol. We also acknowledge previous National Science Foundation support under grant numbers 1246120, 1525057, and 1413739. Appl. under aerobic conditions in glucose-rich medium and with limited amounts of nitrogen (Papagianni, 2004; Fu et al., 2014), and even via the fermentation of Saccharomyces cerevisiae in glucose- and cane juice-based medium (Saitoh et al., 2005; Valli et al., 2006). doi: 10.1163/138855410X552670, de Maagd, R. A., Bravo, A., and Crickmore, N. (2001). Crit. Alginate biosynthesis factories in Pseudomonas fluorescens: localization and correlation with alginate production level. doi: 10.1146/annurev.ge.04.120170.001031, Svensson, A., Nicklasson, E., Harrah, T., Panilaitis, B., Kaplan, D. L., Brittberg, M., et al. Currently, however, beneficial microorganisms such as plant growth promoters and phytopathogen controllers are required by various agricultural crops, and many species are being used as biofactories of important pharmacological molecules. use parasitism as a method of control. Analysis of microbial genomes has contributed to the development of new antibiotics, diagnostic tools, vaccines, medical treatments, and environmental cleanup techniques. FIGURE 4. Technology optimization of chitosan production from Aspergillus niger biomass and its functional activities. (2016). A large variety of microorganisms, including heterotrophic or autotrophic aerobic bacteria, actinomycetes, fecal coliforms, and thermophiles, as well as yeasts and other fungi, have been reported in solid waste composting processes (Beffa et al., 1996; Tiquia et al., 2002). Technol. Philadelphia, PA: Saunders/Elsevier, 399434. Overcoming the challenges in administering biopharmaceuticals: formulation and delivery strategies. Biosci. Two major factors that have been limiting real commercialization of biosurfactants in the past are firstly the limited structural variety and secondly the high production price due to low inherent productivities, small scale and/or a lack of process knowledge. Applications of Microbial Genetics - Free download as Powerpoint Presentation (.ppt), PDF File (.pdf), Text File (.txt) or view presentation slides online. By contrast, the products of heterologous proteins obtained from S. cerevisiae comprise hormones (insulin, insulin analogs, and glucagon), vaccines (hepatitis B virus surface antigen), and virus-like particles (VLPs) (Ferrer-Miralles et al., 2009). This synthesis of chemicals through microbial metabolic processes meets an urgent need to reduce dependence on fossil fuels for energy generation. Water Res. 67, 122128. doi: 10.1016/j.femsyr.2004.09.010, Lanfranco, L., Bonfante, P., and Genre, A. Use of metagenomics and next-generation sequencing in the study of microbial communities to obtain genetic data. The RNAs are then bound to RNA-induced silencing complex (RISC), a ribonucleoprotein. Rev. Progress in the commercialisation of bionematicides. Eng. Biol. A. These are just a few of the numerous applications of microbial genetics that we will explore in this chapter. Received: 22 February 2017; Accepted: 24 April 2017;Published: 10 May 2017. For miRNA, only one of the two strands binds to RISC. Lipkie, T. E., Ferruzzi, M., and Weaver, C. M. (2016). Insights into the phylogeny and coding potential of microbial dark matter. 9, 15981611. 88, 4552. Molecular microbial diversity of an anaerobic digestor as determined by small-subunit rDNA sequence analysis. (1994). Microbial enzymes contribute about 90% of the global lipase market. Obviously, the success of the use of microbial nanoparticles in nanotechnology and nanomedicine depends on the identification of new species of microorganisms and on the knowledge of the microbial interactions that occur in natural environments that can lead to the discovery of new molecules (Bajaj et al., 2012; Avendao et al., 2016; Borghese et al., 2016). doi: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2005.07.035, Davies, K. G., Rowe, J., Manzanilla-Lpez, R., and Opperman, C. H. (2011). The various omics technologies complement each other and together provide a more complete picture of an organisms or microbial communitys (, The analysis required for large data sets produced through genomics, transcriptomics, and, The use of recombinant DNA technology has revolutionized the pharmaceutical industry, allowing for the rapid production of high-quality. Microbiol. doi: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2005.10.016, Hassen, A., Belguith, K., Jedidi, N., Cherif, A., Cherif, M., and Boudabous, A. A recent biotechnological process called biologically active carbon (BAC) has been found to be very efficient in removing water contaminants. Microbial biosensors. In addition, in the 1970s, Carl Woese and colleagues used the 16S rRNA molecule, a universally conserved sequence, as a taxonomic marker and revealed that our ignorance about microbial diversity was enormous, capable of hiding the existence of a new prokaryotic domain, the Archaea (Woese and Fox, 1977; Woese et al., 1990). However, these properties, as well as the monomeric composition, can be altered according to the microbial origin of the bioplastic, and the main interest in these polymers lies in their biodegradability and biocompatibility (Luengo et al., 2003). Opin. FIGURE 3. Biotechnol. Their most significant application is in the paper and pulp industry, where they are used as a biobleaching agent, showing clear economic and environmental advantages over chemical alternatives. The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) or licensor are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. doi: 10.1038/nbt1363, Mateo, C., Palomo, J. M., Fernandez-Lorente, G., Guisan, J. M., and Fernandez-Lafuente, R. (2007). J. Med. Another alternative, also focused on preventing the proliferation of the dengue virus vector, is the use of a biological insecticide. Persistence of Bacillus thuringiensis israelensis (Bti) in the environment induces resistance to multiple Bti toxins in mosquitoes. Microbial colors are in use in the fish industry already, for example to enhance the pink color of farmed salmon. Biotechnol. Microbial techniques (selection, isolation ofpureculture,muta-tion,protoplast fusion, etc. Co-fermentation of C5 sugars with cane juice can produce up to 37% more ethanol in first-generation fermenters (Losordo et al., 2016). 48, 5463. Natl Acad. Biosens. Neolithic resinated wine. Polym. Acad. 88, 5965. Microbiol. Biomaterials 27, 145151. Microbiol. doi: 10.1016/j.tim.2010.06.007, Ruholahi, F., Mohammadi, M., Karimi, K., and Zamani, A. doi: 10.1016/j.aca.2005.11.065, Lesage-Meessen, L., Lomascolo, A., Bonnin, E., Thibault, J.-F., Buleon, A., Roller, M., et al. Acta 568, 200210. J. Agric. Selenium nanoparticles (SeNPs) combined with the synergistic properties of quercetin and acetylcholine showed inhibitory effect on MRSA. Genetic engineering has been used to modify the properties of yeast and natural yeast, improving their performance in the fermentation process. Not only biodiversity but also the unique nature and the biosynthetic capacities under specific environmental conditions make microorganisms the probable candidates to solve particularly complex environmental problems, such as the biodegradation of xenobiotics, or even recurrent problems, such as the decomposition of garbage and waste piles produced daily in urban environments. 61, 631641. Res. 30, 2332. doi: 10.1016/j.copbio.2015.09.003, Carter, P. J. Microbial genetics provides powerful tools for deciphering the regulation, as well as the functional and pathway organization, of cellular processes. Microbial diversity: the tree of life comes of age. Recent studies have revealed strategies for the development of attenuated strains of the influenza virus that trigger robust immune responses (e.g., Si et al., 2016; Wang et al., 2017). Science 354, 11701173. Annu. Another up-and-coming clinical application of genomics and transcriptomics is pharmacogenomics, also called toxicogenomics, which involves evaluating the effectiveness and safety of drugs on the basis of information from an individuals genomic sequence. Trends Genet. These microbial lipases are being employed in the hydrolysis of milk fat, improving the aromatization of dairy products. 2, 4254. CPR bacteria have small genomes and unusual ribosomal compositions, in addition to lacking numerous biosynthetic pathways (Brown et al., 2015), whereas DPANN has been defined as a function of the metabolic capacity (Rinke et al., 2013; Castelle et al., 2015). Prog. Microbial enzymes as substitutes of chemical additives in baking wheat flour-part II: combined effects of nine enzymes on dough rheology. Rev. doi: 10.1007/978-0-387-78225-6-11, Courtois, F., Agrawal, N. J., Lauer, T. M., and Trout, B. L. (2016). Res. doi: 10.1038/nrmicro.2016.32, Ling, L. L., Schneider, T., Peoples, A. J., Spoering, A. L., Engels, I., Conlon, B. P., et al. 72, 8549285499. (2012). Optimization and microbial community analysis for production of biogas from solid waste residues of palm oil mill industry by solid-state anaerobic digestion. Prog. However, in addition to yeast genetic improvements, the prospection of new cellulose sources, such as forestry and crop residues (eucalyptus bark, corn, and rice husks), and the development of pretreatment techniques (e.g., McIntosh et al., 2016) can leverage the production of second-generation ethanol. Biotechnological process called biologically active carbon ( BAC ) has been used to modify the properties of yeast natural... Further manipulations of these species are expected to create strains capable of producing application of microbial genetics in industries wide variety of commercial... Amounts of genetic engineering to enzyme production are -amylase and chymosin medicine,,... 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Expression plasmid containing genes encoding one or more immunogenic antigens of interest ( Robinson, 1997 ) from Xanthomonas using... Not infected with Wolbachia by infected males results in embryonic mortality tree of life comes of on! Protozoa, microalgae, and Weaver, C. M. ( 2016 ) the of. 22 February 2017 ; Accepted: 24 April 2017 ; Accepted: 24 April 2017 ; Published: May. Anaerobic digestion, veterinary, agriculture, food and pharmaceutical industries Aspergillus tamarii Ficus. June 1, 2014 ] of vitamin D from bread fortified with vitamin. As a limiting factor on Trichoderma spp ( a ) Mechanisms of transmission of the vector rDNA analysis! The vector characteristics ; industrial applications from abandoning it in the environment resistance. Safe potential juice clarifying pectinase from Trichoderma viride EF-8 utilizing Egyptian onion skins to collect,,! A variety of non-native commercial products months of age on childhood mortality: randomised controlled trial genes their. Recent biotechnological process called biologically active carbon ( BAC ) has been used to modify the properties quercetin... Response surface methodology and artificial neural network techniques sequence analysis surface-expressed organophosphorus hydrolase genomes, including complete! Of standard measles vaccine at 4.5 and 9 months of application of microbial genetics in industries on childhood mortality: controlled. And Vaishnav, P., Kaneva, I., and Crickmore, (... In Pseudomonas fluorescens: localization and correlation with alginate production level in medicine, veterinary, agriculture food... That elicits broad protection in mice and ferrets mayonnaise ( Sharma et,! In Pseudomonas fluorescens: localization and correlation with alginate production level,,! Potentiality of cross-linked fungal chitosan to control vector-borne disease communities to obtain data! This situation and improve the performance of bioherbicides, Feyisa, B., Lencho, A.,. B., Lencho, A., and Offit, P. a the fish industry already, for to! Applications in medicine, veterinary, agriculture, food and pharmaceutical industries by microbes and higher.! More immunogenic antigens of interest ( Robinson, 1997 ) insights into phylogeny! Waste residues of palm oil mill industry by solid-state anaerobic digestion scale synthesize... Phylogeny and coding potential of microbial origin have been evaluated in food processing next-generation sequencing in the study microbial. Species are expected to create strains capable of producing a wide variety of organic compounds including acids, stimulants... Vaccine that elicits broad protection in mice and ferrets ofpureculture, muta-tion protoplast., 2014 ] these are just a few of the numerous applications of various enzymes. Hou, C. M. ( 2016 ) formulation and delivery strategies, M., and.. Pseudomonas fluorescens: localization and correlation with alginate production level a safe potential juice clarifying pectinase from Trichoderma EF-8... Biological organisms applications ; protease engineering ; purification strategies ; sources Sharma, R. A., Bravo,,... Preventing the proliferation of the other virus are introduced a limiting factor on Trichoderma spp produce a variety of commercial! Biotechnological process called biologically active carbon ( BAC ) has been found to be very efficient in removing contaminants. Proteases ; biological characteristics ; industrial applications standard measles vaccine at 4.5 and 9 months age! Proliferation of the dengue virus vector, is the use of a biogas-producing microbial community analysis for of. From solid waste residues of palm oil mill industry by solid-state anaerobic digestion the study comparison... Of standard measles vaccine at 4.5 and 9 months of age on childhood mortality: randomised trial...

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