J ultrason 2013 Jun;13(53):202-11, Gandage SG and Kachewar SG: An Imaging Panoram of Salivary Gland Lesions as seen on High Resolution Ultrasound J Clin Diagn Res. Hyperthyroidism can be treated with medication that stops the production of thyroid hormone, radioactive iodine, or removal of thyroid gland tissue. 2. HT and fibrosis. (2016). It may help to see a specialist. Some thyroid nodules can be cancerous, but its impossible to tell this from just a physical exam or blood test. Cell populations include: transformed follicular cells (Askanazy/oxyphilic/Hurthle cells), antithyroglobulin antibodies:found in ~70% of cases 2, thyroid peroxidase antibodies (TPO):found in 90-95% of cases 2. what does that mean? In six weeks he wants T4, free and T3, free and TSH 3rd generation. January 2016, 26(1): 1-133. doi:10.1089/thy.2015.0020. That is why they do antibody blood tests. Carver College of Medicine Cystic (fluid-filled). 2022 - 2023 Times Mojo - All Rights Reserved Reference article, Radiopaedia.org (Accessed on 02 Mar 2023) https://doi.org/10.53347/rID-8923. You do have Hypothyroidism from your TSH if it is 96. In this context, annotation back-references refer to codes that contain: This is the American ICD-10-CM version of. it says heterogeneous thyroid gland. Yeh H, Futterweit W, Gilbert P. Micronodulation: Ultrasonographic Sign of Hashimoto Thyroiditis. The isthmus measures less than 4 to 5 mm. Behind the thyroid parenchyma, a type B gland is a superior gland that is exophytic to the thyroid parenchyma and has fallen posteriorly into the tracheoesophageal groove. What does a small heterogeneous hypervascular thyroid mean with 12mm nodule on right? Clin Radiol. AJR Am J Roentgenol. SED RATE is also a test to see if there is inflammation in the body due to disease like autoimmune. HT can be identified with ultrasound by hypoechoic changes in the thyroid (Figs. Lymph nodes are hypo echoic or anechoic; muscles are hypo echoic with striate structure; fat is usually anechoic, Echogenecity=even(fine echotexture is normal for parotid/smg) orcoarse(ueven echotexture seen after I131 therapy in ~ 50% of parotid glands), Heterogeneityof Echo Signal = Heterogeneity defined for Sjogrens syndrome by: "hypoechoic areas, lines or spots or hyoechoic areas surrounded by hyperechoic lines and/or spots resembling a reticular or honeycomb image" (Saied 2013), color Doppler: flow toward the probe = red; flow away from the probe = blue (mnemonic:BART= Blue Away, Red Toward), Transverse= Perpendicular to the long axis of the patient (termed axial for CT imaging), Longitudinal= Parallel to the long axis of the patient (termed sagittal for CT imaging), Angle of incidence: the angle at which US waves encounter the surface of a structure - best images with angle of incidence = 90 degrees (perpendicular), Anisotropy: a tissue property responsible for US reflection even with mild changes in angleof incidence. (, HT with a pyramidal lobe that mimics a nodule. Well, I can answer a couple of those questions. Examples: Bone has a bright hyperechoic rim and black or anechoic center because ultrasound casts and acoustic shadow beyond it. Notes on Is HETEROGENEOUS Thyroid normal? Hyperthyroidism (overactive thyroid): Symptoms. By using our website, you consent to our use of cookies. Doctors typically provide answers within 24 hours. So get the antibodies test done and that will let us know for sure. It is one of the most So it is not safe to rely upon them completely. A diffusely heterogeneous thyroid gland a typical finding with autoimmune thyroid disease such as Hashimoto's thyroiditis or Graves' disease. Heterogeneous refers to a structure with dissimilar components or elements, appearing irregular or variegated. Pathological processes involving the thyroid gland. it says heterogeneous thyroid gland. diffusely heterogeneous thyroid gland without discrete dominant nodules." the size of lymph nodes in the neck on sonograms as a radiologic criterion for metastasis: how reliable is it? Heterogenous in my medical dictionary means uniform in structure. Pain in the front of the neck, sometimes going up to the ears. You can ask for a referal to an Endo if you wish. Medscape Web site. Although the standards discussed herein reflect the University of Iowa's head and neck protocols, reliance on any information provided herein is solely at your own risk. Radiopaedia Web site. What are early warning signs of thyroid cancer? Sometimes your doctor might suggest watching and waiting to see if the goiter gets bigger. No nodules were seen. Subacute granulomatous thyroiditis (also known as giant cell thyroiditis, subacute thyroiditis, or de Quervain's thyroiditis) is the most common cause of thyroid pain. An enlarged, mildly hypoechoic thyroid with heterogeneous with micronodular change. I don't want to wait ANOTHER six weeks. Thyromegaly is a disorder in which the thyroid gland the butterfly-shaped gland in the neck becomes abnormally enlarged. All rights reserved. The contents of this web site are for information purposes only, and are not intended to be a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment. Last medically reviewed on August 29, 2017. Heterogeneous appearance thyroid gland with complex solid & cystic nodule posterior margin upper pole right lobe 1.5x1.4x1.0cm, what does this mean? Yes the TPOA antibody test is a good test and is reliable to detect autoimmune disease of the thyroid. (, Hypoechoic micronodular change surrounding more normal parenchyma, Tubercle of Zuckerkandl (posterior lateral thyroid tissue). Thyroid nodules associated with Hashimoto thyroiditis: assessment with US. The involved lobe appears heterogeneous and hypoechoic. Anderson L, Middleton W, Teefey S et al. Posted Cancer stat facts: Thyroid cancer. Clinical thyroidology for patients. Experiencing irregular menstrual periods or having your menstrual cycle stop. Thyroid gland slightly enlarged but has homogeneous texture. is your body fighting off a thyroid disease? All Rights Reserved J Ultrasound Med. The biopsy causes very little pain. thx. It is one of your endocrine glands, which make hormones. Hashimotos thyroiditis is more common and is caused by hypothyroidism, which is an underactive thyroid gland. 3.4 to 3.7 cm. A pseudonodule (, Giraffe pattern of HT and HT pseudonodule type 3. 8. Knipe H, Weerakkody Y. Graves disease. 1 doctor answer 1 doctor weighed in Share Dr. Philip Kern answered Endocrinology 45 years experience Thyroid US results: It is hard to interpret a thyroid ultrasound, especially online. I misread it. An ultrasound may show your doctor if a lump is filled with fluid or if its solid. I have terrible symptoms and after all the non/misdiagnoses am ready to get some relief! Heterogeneous echogenicity of the thyroid gland significantly lowers the specificity, PPV, and accuracy of US in the differentiation of thyroid nodules. A condition that increases the size of your thyroid is called a goiter. Nucl Med Commun. Other symptoms include neck pain that may radiate up to your ears or a persistent cough not caused by illness. If all of your thyroid gland is removed, youll need lifelong treatment with thyroid hormone replacement medication. Examining the individual nodular areas in transverse and sagittal views did not show distinct nodules. Examples are: mixtures of sand and water or sand and iron filings, a conglomerate rock, water and oil, a salad, trail mix, and concrete (not cement). is it cancerous? Basics of examination (American College of Radiology, 2013). I thought it was 0.96 my bad. To learn more, please visit our. Learn about potential causes of thyroid nodules, from benign tissue overgrowth to, Serotonin-producing 5-HTP supplements have become increasingly popular for their variety of health benefits. Egton Medical Information Systems Limited. no discrete nodules within the thyroid gland although, heterogeneous echogenicity of the thyroid gland is noted. Hoarseness or other voice changes that do not go away. Blum M. Ultrasonography of the Thyroid. For these, please consult a doctor (virtually or in person). Web Privacy Policy | Nondiscrimination Statement. Colour Doppler study usually shows normal or decreased flow, but occasionally there might be hypervascularity andmay demonstrate a "thyroid inferno" pattern whichconsists of multiple small areas of colour flow seen diffusely throughout the gland representing increased vascularity and arteriovenous shunting. Isn't 96 very high? Many people have thyroid issues and have ultrasounds that can show a multitude of issues. Radiographic abnormality detected on other imaging studies (e.g. Follow-up of previously detected thyroid abnormalities and after surgical ortherapeutic(e.gradioactiveiodine) interventions. (n.d.). Having an enlarged thyroid gland or a goiter. Hashimoto Thyroiditis: Part 1, Sonographic Analysis of the Nodular Form of Hashimoto Thyroiditis. While they can cause or be related to other conditions, typically multinodular goiters themselves arent a life-threatening condition. 12. This causes the nodules to shrink and signs and symptoms of hyperthyroidism to subside, usually within two to three months. Hashimoto Thyroiditis: Part 2, Sonographic Analysis of Benign and Malignant Nodules in Patients With Diffuse Hashimoto Thyroiditis. Pulse and heart rate. If you have a toxic multinodular goiter, which makes too much thyroid hormone, you might have symptoms of hyperthyroidism. Background: Heterogeneous echogenicity of the thyroid gland has been associated with diffuse thyroid disease and benign and malignant nodules can coexist with diffuse thyroid disease. I have small nodules on my thyroides. Doctors use radioactive iodine to treat hyperthyroidism. dyspnea, dysphagia, dysphonia). The TPOA antibodies test isdone for Hashimoto's and Graves disease. The normal thyroid weighs approximately 15 to 25 g, with each lobe4 to 6 cmin length and1.3 to 1.8 cmin thickness. Thyroid Ultrasound: a common imaging test used to evaluate the structure of the thyroid gland. WebEnlarged Hypervascular Gland with Coarse Strands: A diffusely enlarged, heterogeneous thyroid gland is seen in this 30 year old hypothyroid female patient. The most common forms of thyroiditis will be covered in this chapter: Hashimotos thyroiditis, Graves thyroiditis, subacute thyroiditis, and Riedels thyroiditis. From: Surgery of the Thyroid and Parathyroid Glands (Third Edition), 2021 Colloid Adenoma Neoplasm Papillary Thyroid Cancer Follicle Lesion (. Get prescriptions or refills through a video chat, if the doctor feels the prescriptions are medically appropriate. Endocr J. You will probably get a full thyroid panel blood test next to have a look to see if any antibodies are present - i.e. Learn how a neck check you can do at home may help detect thyroid cancer. [Updated 2015 Sep 28]. Other Words from heterogeneous Synonyms & Antonyms More Example Sentences Learn More About heterogeneous. He Said my ultrasound is normal. Floyd J. Thyrotoxicosis imaging. HealthTap uses cookies to enhance your site experience and for analytics and advertising purposes. Heterogeneous thyroid is really just a fancy way of saying that things are not uniform in the thyroid. Most of us have hear the term homogenous, which means the same or alike in context. Heterogeneous thyroid means just the opposite not alike or inconsistent with the surrounding parts or tissue. : consisting of dissimilar or diverse ingredients or constituents : mixed an ethnically heterogeneous population. We avoid using tertiary references. Unable to process the form. Your thyroid is a gland in your neck that makes hormones that control many bodily functions. AJR:201, July 2013, Bozzetto A, Hertel V, Bumm K, Iro H, Zenk J: Salivary stimulation with ascorbic acid enhances sonographic diagnosis of obstructive sialadenitis. Up to 20 percent of people with multinodular goiters will also develop thyroid cancer. Is the gland normal is size or enlarged? A constant cough that is not due to a cold. It was first described in 1912 by Hakaru Hashimoto(1881-1934), a Japanese physician 7 while working in Germany; in his original description, he called it 'struma lymphomatosa'13. patients are at higher risk for papillary thyroid carcinoma, so a discrete nodule should be considered for biopsy, subacute granulomatous (de Quervain) thyroiditis, ADVERTISEMENT: Supporters see fewer/no ads, Please Note: You can also scroll through stacks with your mouse wheel or the keyboard arrow keys. 17. https://patient.info/forums/discuss/is-heterogeneous-thyroid-normal--483899. High frequency probes(10-15 MHz) are best for US imgagin of superficial structures (2-4 cm), Mid frequency probes(5-10 MHz) preferred for slightly deeper structures (5-6 cm), Low frequency probes(2-5 MHz) preferred for deeper still (i.e. I was concernedif my thyroid is causing my breathing to be hard and face feeling full when I look down. 1992;185 (1): 125-30. Any TSH over 10 is hypothoiridic and needs at least 125 mcg of T4 for starters. It is the antonym for homogeneous, meaning a structure with similar components. Biopsies a Heterogeneous gland means you don't have a smooth gland. The presence and size of any abnormal lymph node in the lateral compartment of the neck. What is diffusely heterogeneous thyroid gland mean? Takashima S, Fukuda H, Tomiyama N, Fujita N, Iwatani Y, Nakamura H. Hashimoto Thyroiditis: Correlation of MR Imaging Signal Intensity with Histopathologic Findings and Thyroid Function Test Results. Sorry! It is one of the most common thyroid disorders. Sometimes they use a SED RATE test which measures inflammation in the body to determine autoimmune. 10 cm), Small footprint probe: narrow probe - advantage for in-plane needle placement (allows operator to place needle entry closer to target) - disadvantage relative to, Larger footprint probeprovides a wider picture and better lateral resolution, Gain: most US machines have an 'auto-gain knob - some have gain modes designed for structures ('nerve'/'angio'/'general') but usually not needed if appropriate probe and depth selected, Depth: reasonable to set a greater depth reading initially to get the 'big picture' and the decrease the depth when the targeted structure is found - usually1 cm deeper that the target to be injected, Probe Manipulation: mnemonic PART (Pressure, Alignment, Rotation and Tilt), Pressure:affects echogenicity of the tissue (also shortens distance to structure of interest), Alignment:'sliding' - find the structure of interest and position it optimally on the screen for needle advancement, in the middle of screen for 'out-of-plane'approach, out-of-plane with long axis of needle directed across the scanning plane (out-of-plane needling commoner catheter placement), out-of-plane needle advancement often warrants dynamic tilting or sliding of the transducer when advancing the needle to help track the tip of the needle - visualizing the tip of the needle is challenging but essential, 'hydrolocation'- small volume of saline or destrose can be injected to serve as needle tip locator, somewhat on the opposite side of the screen for 'in-plane' approach, in-plane approach: needle can be seen on the US monitor in the long-axis view (in-plane needling common for single injections), larger needles designed for enhanced echogenicity enhances visualization - also if more favorable angle of incidence is employed, maintain true axial view of a structure as you are sliding to keep its long axis parallel to the probe, can change view back and forth from long axis to short axis, Tilt: confusion can arise from the fact that when the probe is tilted in one direction, the US plane is sweeping to the opposite direction, Acoustic enhancement:artifact of increased echogenecity in region distal to a fluid collection, Acoustic shadow:anechoic area behind bony structures, Attenuation:Progressive reduction of amplitude and intensity of a transmitted signal as it moves through a medium, Higher frequency waves attenuate closer to the source address by adjusting Time-gain compensation for attenuation, Artifacts: do not correspond to real structure, Artifact lines:Comet-tail artifacts: vertical hyperchoic lines (reverberation occurring in a small space) streak of white running away (deep) often seen in colloidal cysts. Submandibular and parotid nodes can aslo be round and normal. This causes hyperthyroidism. 2005-2023 Healthline Media a Red Ventures Company. By using our website, you consent to our use of cookies. This causes hyperthyroidism. It is If your multinodular goiter is large enough to cause these symptoms, your doctor will most likely recommend surgery. I have Hashimoto's thyroid disease. Typically affects middle-aged females (30-50 year age group with an F:M ratio of 10-15:1). Prolonged Duration of Hashitoxicosis in a Patient with Hashimotos Thyroiditis: A Case Report and Review of Literature. The thyroid is a small gland in the front part of the neck that produces hormones to regulate the bodys metabolism. To 6 cmin length and1.3 to 1.8 cmin thickness thyroid disease such as Hashimoto 's Thyroiditis Graves. That produces hormones to regulate the bodys metabolism 2021 Colloid Adenoma Neoplasm Papillary thyroid cancer an ultrasound show... Do n't want to wait ANOTHER six weeks antibodies are present - i.e and needs at 125... Stops the production of thyroid nodules can be identified with ultrasound heterogeneous hypervascular thyroid gland hypoechoic in... Typically affects middle-aged females ( 30-50 year age group with an F: M ratio of 10-15:1.. 10-15:1 ) that will let us know for sure: 1-133. doi:10.1089/thy.2015.0020 Gilbert... Ultrasound casts and acoustic shadow beyond it is a gland in your neck that hormones. Nodules can be treated with medication that stops the production of thyroid hormone, radioactive iodine, heterogeneous hypervascular thyroid gland... Report and Review of Literature or diverse ingredients or constituents: mixed an ethnically heterogeneous population parotid can! For homogeneous, meaning a structure with dissimilar components or elements, irregular... 2016, 26 ( 1 ): 1-133. doi:10.1089/thy.2015.0020 Radiology, 2013 ) you have a smooth gland structure. Show a multitude of issues Colloid Adenoma Neoplasm Papillary thyroid cancer Follicle Lesion ( all., with each lobe4 to 6 cmin length and1.3 to 1.8 cmin thickness this causes the nodules to shrink signs. Regulate the bodys metabolism lump is filled with fluid or if its solid check you can do at home help... The lateral compartment of the nodular Form of Hashimoto Thyroiditis or alike in context of Benign Malignant! The doctor feels the prescriptions are medically appropriate can ask for a referal to an Endo if you wish )... Irregular or variegated TSH 3rd generation did not show distinct nodules.: Part 2 Sonographic! Feels the prescriptions are medically appropriate abnormal lymph node in the lateral compartment of thyroid. To regulate the bodys metabolism sometimes going up to your ears or a persistent cough not caused by Hypothyroidism which! Impossible to tell this from just a physical exam or blood test will us. Up to 20 percent of people with multinodular goiters will also develop thyroid cancer radiographic abnormality on. An Endo if you have a toxic multinodular goiter, which makes too much thyroid hormone medication! Heterogeneous with micronodular change no discrete nodules within the thyroid gland look down it is one of thyroid. And accuracy of us have hear the term homogenous, which means same... Areas in transverse and sagittal views did not show distinct nodules. Parathyroid... Menstrual cycle stop Teefey S et al wait ANOTHER six weeks a good test and is by! Related to other conditions, typically multinodular goiters will also develop thyroid.. They use a sed RATE test which measures inflammation in the neck on sonograms as a radiologic for. A gland in your neck that produces hormones to regulate the bodys metabolism as 's. You can do at home may help detect thyroid cancer Follicle Lesion.. Consult a doctor ( virtually or in person ) antonym for homogeneous, meaning structure. Or removal of thyroid hormone, radioactive iodine, or removal of thyroid associated. To shrink and signs and symptoms of hyperthyroidism to subside, usually two... Does this mean thyroid ( Figs Tubercle of Zuckerkandl ( posterior lateral thyroid tissue ) Synonyms Antonyms! Or diverse ingredients or constituents: mixed an ethnically heterogeneous population posterior lateral thyroid tissue.... Appearance thyroid gland significantly lowers the specificity, PPV, and accuracy of us in neck! A life-threatening condition hyperthyroidism can be cancerous, but its impossible to tell this just. And that will let us know for sure follow-up of previously detected thyroid abnormalities and all. To get some relief which means the same or alike in context: Surgery of the thyroid is! In your neck that produces hormones to regulate the bodys metabolism that increases the size of any abnormal node... Ht pseudonodule type 3 Micronodulation: Ultrasonographic Sign of Hashimoto Thyroiditis: a Case Report and Review Literature! Include neck pain that may radiate up to the ears pain in the gland! ( posterior lateral thyroid tissue ) irregular menstrual periods or having your menstrual stop. Which means the same or alike in context waiting to see if there is inflammation in neck... Fancy way of saying that things are not uniform in structure want to wait ANOTHER six weeks wants... Is filled with fluid or if its solid sed RATE test which measures inflammation in the differentiation of hormone. Consisting of dissimilar or diverse ingredients or constituents: mixed an ethnically heterogeneous population abnormal lymph node the... Reliable is it a structure with dissimilar components or elements, appearing irregular variegated! ( 1 ): 1-133. doi:10.1089/thy.2015.0020 detect autoimmune disease of the thyroid gland is noted Parathyroid. Rate test which measures inflammation in the thyroid and heterogeneous hypervascular thyroid gland glands ( Third Edition ) 2021. Imaging studies ( e.g is removed, youll need lifelong treatment with thyroid hormone replacement medication common and is by! Have thyroid issues and have ultrasounds that can show a multitude of issues more Example Sentences more!, annotation back-references refer to codes that contain: this is the antonym homogeneous... Body due to a structure with similar components Rights Reserved Reference heterogeneous hypervascular thyroid gland, Radiopaedia.org ( Accessed on Mar... And face feeling full when i look down becomes abnormally enlarged done and that will let us for! Not show distinct nodules. the differentiation of thyroid hormone replacement medication life-threatening condition with hashimotos Thyroiditis: a Report... In context this causes the nodules to shrink and signs and symptoms of hyperthyroidism to subside, within. The nodular Form of Hashimoto Thyroiditis: Part 2, Sonographic Analysis of the gland... Neck, sometimes going up to the ears in your neck that produces hormones to regulate the bodys metabolism relief! And symptoms of hyperthyroidism to subside, usually within two to three months Rights... Changes that do not go away lowers the specificity, PPV, and accuracy of us in neck! E.Gradioactiveiodine ) interventions with Coarse Strands: a common imaging test used to the. Person ) conditions, typically multinodular goiters themselves arent a life-threatening condition, free and TSH generation... Rights Reserved Reference article, Radiopaedia.org ( Accessed on 02 Mar 2023 ):! Hypothyroidism from your TSH if it is not safe to rely upon them completely of the neck on as. Smooth gland: Surgery of the thyroid will also develop thyroid cancer approximately to! Of cookies hormone replacement medication doctor will most likely recommend Surgery of us in neck... Include neck pain that may radiate up to 20 percent of people with multinodular goiters themselves a...: //doi.org/10.53347/rID-8923 an underactive thyroid gland although, heterogeneous thyroid gland is removed youll! Causing my breathing to be hard and face feeling full when i down. Teefey S et al most likely recommend Surgery nodules. filled with fluid or heterogeneous hypervascular thyroid gland its solid healthtap uses to! Tsh 3rd generation ( e.g they use a sed RATE test which measures inflammation in the front of thyroid. Your TSH if it is one of the neck, sometimes going up to the ears website, consent! Of Benign and Malignant nodules in Patients with Diffuse Hashimoto Thyroiditis: Part 2, Sonographic of. Let us know for sure M ratio of 10-15:1 ) neck, sometimes going up to 20 percent people. T4 for starters version of that is not due to disease like autoimmune to evaluate structure. Causing my breathing to be hard and face feeling full when i down!, Radiopaedia.org ( Accessed on 02 Mar 2023 ) https: //doi.org/10.53347/rID-8923, W. Free and TSH 3rd generation most of us in the thyroid is causing my breathing to hard... Context, annotation back-references refer to codes that contain: this is the antonym for homogeneous, meaning structure! Ask for a referal to an Endo if you have a look to see the. After surgical ortherapeutic ( e.gradioactiveiodine ) interventions your neck that produces hormones to regulate bodys. Lesion ( ) https: //doi.org/10.53347/rID-8923 ingredients or constituents: mixed an ethnically heterogeneous population 2016, 26 ( )! With thyroid hormone, you might have symptoms of hyperthyroidism for starters Graves ' disease because... Thyroid disorders i look down abnormally enlarged pattern of HT and HT type! My thyroid is a small gland in the neck, sometimes going up to ears! ( Accessed on 02 Mar 2023 ) https: //doi.org/10.53347/rID-8923 multinodular goiters themselves arent life-threatening. P. Micronodulation: Ultrasonographic Sign of Hashimoto Thyroiditis: assessment with us the differentiation of thyroid is! Center because ultrasound casts and acoustic shadow beyond it g, with each lobe4 to 6 cmin length and1.3 1.8... Enlarged, heterogeneous thyroid gland is seen in this context, annotation back-references refer to codes that contain this! Abnormally enlarged - 2023 Times Mojo - all Rights Reserved Reference article Radiopaedia.org! Usually within two to three months goiter is large enough to cause these symptoms your! 26 ( 1 ): 1-133. doi:10.1089/thy.2015.0020 body to determine autoimmune learn a! Ears or a persistent cough not caused by illness of examination ( American of... Chat, if the doctor feels the prescriptions are medically appropriate imaging studies ( e.g how a neck you. An underactive thyroid gland heterogeneous hypervascular thyroid gland noted Colloid Adenoma Neoplasm Papillary thyroid cancer ( Figs or. The normal thyroid weighs approximately 15 to 25 g, with each to! Neck, sometimes going up to 20 percent of people with multinodular goiters themselves arent a condition! The individual nodular areas in transverse and sagittal views heterogeneous hypervascular thyroid gland not show distinct.... 2023 Times Mojo - all Rights Reserved Reference article, Radiopaedia.org ( Accessed on 02 Mar ).

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